Positive pressure occurs when the jaw elevates, the tongue elevates to the hard palate, and the lips seal. A suck occurs with two kinds of pressure: positive pressure and negative pressure. The normal rhythm for nutritive sucking is one cycle per second non-nutritive suck is faster or slower than that rate. The movement is rhythmical, up-down cycles, with normal tonal changes. The tongue tip elevates to the anterior hard palate. (In the normal population, this may be called tongue thrust, especially by speech pathologists.) Sucking The tongue is flat and thin, movement is up and down and is contained within the mouth. The tongue remains flat and thin with no abnormal tonal changes. The tongue extends between the teeth or gums. Simple tongue protrusion This is a primitive, normal movement associated with the suckling pattern. Jaw opening and closing occur in conjunction with tongue movement. The movement is accomplished with normal tonal changes with rhythmical cycles of extension - retraction. The tongue may show a semi-bowl shape (cupping). The tongue does not extend beyond the lips. Suckling The primary movement in suckling is extension – retraction. The following six normal patterns (suckling, simple tongue protrusion, sucking, munching, tongue tip elevation and lateral tongue movements) are presented in order from primitive to more mature patterns. Tongue movements are an integral part of the eating process.
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